Manejo hemático del paciente / Hematic management of the patient

La finalidad de este catálogo es establecer un referente nacional para orientar la toma de decisiones clínicas basadas en recomendaciones sustentadas en la mejor evidencia disponible. Esta guía pone a disposición del personal del primer, segundo o tercer nivel de atención las recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible con la intención de estandarizar las acciones nacionales acerca de: Reducir la morbilidad asociada a las malas prácticas transfusionales, Reducir la mortalidad asociada al uso irracional de la sangre, Optimizar los recursos para el manejo de los hemocomponentes. Lo anterior favorecerá la mejora en la calidad y efectividad de la atención a la salud contribuyendo al bienestar de las personas, el cual constituye el objetivo central y la razón de ser de los servicios de salud.

Effectiveness of a patient blood management protocol on reduction of allogeneic red blood cell transfusions in orthopedic surgery. / Efectividad de un protocolo de ahorro de transfusión en la disminución de consumo de hematíes en cirugía protésica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patient blood management in orthopaedic surgery reduces transfusion risk. The best protocol is unknown. The effectiveness of a protocol based on the Seville Consensus on the reduction of transfusion risk is evaluated and a predictive transfusion equation is proposed in knee surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cohort study in patients undergoing knee and hip arthroplasty from January 2014 to December 2015 at a second level complexity hospital in Vilafranca del Penedès (Barcelona). Patients with Hb between 10 and 13g/dL were classified as anaemic with or without iron deficiency and received iron or combination of iron and erythropoietin. On the day of surgery, tranexamic acid was administered, the Hb drop was measured the next day and the requirements and the transfusion lintel were measured during the stay. RESULTS: A total of 334 patients were included in the study. The implementation of the programme decreased the transfusion risk from 41.5% to 14.8% at the end of the study. In hip surgery, transfused patients were significantly older, sicker and with lower preoperative Hb. Tranexamic acid did not decrease bleeding. In knee surgery, the administration of tranexamic acid was the variable that most decreased the transfusion risk followed by a high preoperative Hb. The equation predicts transfusion risk with a sensitivity of 55% and specificity of 95.7%. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the programme reduces transfusion risk. The effectiveness of tranexamic acid varies according to surgery site. The use of iron and recombinant human erythropoietin is necessary to improve Hb.

[Red cell transfusion and long-term survival in non-complicated heart surgery]. / Transfusión de hematíes y supervivencia a largo plazo en la cirugía cardíaca no complicada.

OBJECTIVE: A study was made to explore the possible association between the perioperative transfusion of 1 - 2 red blood cell units and in-hospital morbidity, 30-day mortality, and long-term survival in patients undergoing heart surgery. DESIGN: A prospective observational study was carried out. SETTING: The ICU of a university hospital. PATIENTS: All patients over 17 years of age that underwent heart surgery and were admitted to the ICU between November 2002 and December 2009 were included. Those patients who did not (n=703) and those who did (n=959) receive the perioperative transfusion of 1 - 2 red blood cell units were assessed. STUDY ENDPOINTS: The endpoints were the effect of transfusion on both hospital morbidity and on 30-day mortality. In addition, all patients discharged alive from hospital until 31 December 2011 were subjected to follow-up. The association between transfusion and survival was assessed by means of the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess factors associated with long-term survival. RESULTS: The frequency of both cardiac and non-cardiac perioperative complications was higher in patients receiving transfusion. The 30-day mortality rate was higher in those who received transfusion (1% vs 0.1%, P=.02). Preoperative anemia was associated with a more intensive use of transfusion. Red blood cell transfusion was not found to be a risk factor for long-term mortality (hazar ratio=1.4, 95%CI 0.9-2.1). CONCLUSIONS: The perioperative transfusion of 1 - 2 red blood cell units in patients undergoing heart surgery increases both hospital morbidity and the 30-day mortality rate, but does not increase long-term mortality.